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1.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 30(spe1): e2020790, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154158

ABSTRACT

O artigo aborda a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (human papillomavirus, HPV), tema constitutivo do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Tal documento foi elaborado com base em evidências científicas e validado em discussões e consenso entre especialistas. São apresentados aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos, bem como orientações para os gestores e profissionais de saúde no diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção da infecção pelo HPV. Este tema representa importante problema de saúde pública, haja vista essa infecção sexualmente transmissível ser a mais prevalente no mundo, capaz de desencadear o processo oncogênico do câncer do colo uterino, além de possibilitar a ocorrência de verrugas anogenitais. Neste artigo, são apresentadas informações importantes para o conhecimento do HPV, estratégias de ação para a prevenção e controle da infecção, uma assistência de qualidade e tratamento efetivo da doença.


This article addresses human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, this being one of the topics covered by the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The Protocol and Guidelines have been developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article presents epidemiological and clinical aspects, as well as guidelines for health service managers and health workers about diagnosing and treating people with papillomavirus infection. This theme is an important public health problem, since it is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world, capable of triggering the oncogenic process of cervical cancer, as well as the possibility anogenital warts occurring. Important information is presented for gaining knowledge about HPV, as well as action strategies for infection prevention and control, provision of quality care and effective treatment of the disease.


El tema del papilomavirus humano (PVH) es uno de los capítulos del Protocolo Clínico y Conductas Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Este documento fue desarrollado en base a evidencia científica y validado en discusiones con especialistas. Se presentan aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos, así como guías para gestores y profesionales de la salud en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la infección por papilomavirus. Este tema constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud pública, pues además de ser la infección transmitida sexualmente más prevalente en todo el mundo, puede tener implicaciones para el proceso oncogénico del cáncer de cuello uterino y la posibilidad de presentar verrugas anogenitales. Se presenta información sobre estrategias de acciones de prevención y control, las cuales son importantes para entender el problema, ofrecer asistencia de calidad y tratamiento efectivo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Condylomata Acuminata , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Clinical Protocols , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity
2.
Rev. Hosp. Ital. B. Aires (2004) ; 36(4): 143-149, dic. 2016. graf, ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1145235

ABSTRACT

El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es una de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual más comunes. Puede afectar tanto el aparato genital masculino y femenino, como también el área perianal, ano, y diversas áreas de cabeza y cuello y otorrinolaringológicas, ya sea como lesiones benignas o como promotor de lesiones malignas. Las lesiones benignas por VPH en genitales masculinos se caracterizan fundamentalmente por la aparición de lesiones verrugosas, aunque también puede manifestarse mediante lesiones planas atípicas. En algunos casos hay ausencia de lesiones macroscópicamente visibles que pueden hacerse evidentes con la prueba de ácido acético. La biopsia de la lesión, su evaluación anatomopatológica y, sobre todo, la determinación de la existencia y el tipo de virus involucrado mediante PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) permiten confirmar el diagnóstico. En algunas ocasiones es necesario realizar una cistoscopia para diagnosticar lesiones intrauretrales y vesicales. Los tratamientos propuestos son muy variados y de eficacia dispar, desde las topicaciones y la electrocirugía o la criocirugía, hasta el empleo de la tecnología láser. La prevención con el uso de protección durante el acto sexual así como la educación sexual son fundamentales. En los últimos 10 años se ha implementado el uso de la vacuna para el VPH en niñas con el fin de disminuir la incidencia de lesiones de alto grado y de cáncer de cuello uterino, pero su indicación en varones es menos clara y aún no ha sido consensuada. (AU)


Human papiloma virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexual transmitted diseases. It can affect the male genitalia, as well as the perianal and anal regions and multiple areas of the head and neck and otorhinolaryngological structures, as benign lesiones or as a promoter of malignant lesions. Benign male genitalia lesions are characterized mainly by verrucous lesions, although flat atypical lesions can be found, as well as the abscence of macroscopic visible lesions that in some cases can become evident using the acetic acid test. Lesion biopsy, its histological evaluation, and the determination of the existence and type of virus using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) can confirm the diagnosis. In some cases is necessary to do a cistoscopy to diagnose intraurethral and vesical lesions. Proposed treatments are varied and with a wide range of efficacy, from topications to electro or cryosurgery, and the use of laser technology. Sexual education and the use of sexual protection are essential in prevention. In the last 10 years the use of VPH vaccine in girls was widely spread, in order to decrease the incidence of high grade lesions and cervix cancer. Its indication in male patients is less clear and not yet consented among specialists. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Papillomavirus Infections/therapy , Reproductive Tract Infections/therapy , Podophyllin/therapeutic use , Podophyllotoxin/therapeutic use , Sex Education , Trichloroacetic Acid/therapeutic use , Condylomata Acuminata/etiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Condoms , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Papillomavirus Infections/drug therapy , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Papillomavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Laser Therapy , Reproductive Tract Infections/diagnosis , Reproductive Tract Infections/etiology , Reproductive Tract Infections/pathology , Reproductive Tract Infections/drug therapy , Fluorouracil/administration & dosage , Fluorouracil/therapeutic use , Lidocaine/administration & dosage , Lidocaine/therapeutic use
3.
Femina ; 44(2): 84-91, 2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1050854

ABSTRACT

O Papilomavírus Humano está comprovadamente associado ao surgimento de lesões benignas e malignas incluindo o câncer do colo do útero. Mesmo sendo uma patologia com bons métodos de rastreio e diagnóstico precoce, anualmente milhares de mulheres em todo o mundo são acometidas pela infecção e posterior surgimento de lesões a esse vírus associadas, principalmente em países mais pobres. Após o entendimento destes vírus e de suas micropartículas, foram realizados estudos para a tentativa da produção de um agente imunizador que pudesse servir de prevenção primária para reduzir os níveis tão elevados desta doença e as mortes por ela provocadas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, a vacina foi instituída no Programa de Nacional de Imunizações em 2014. Mas ainda não há dados de seguimento para avaliar o impacto dessa prevenção no futuro. Este estudo tem como meta fazer uma revisão dos principais aspectos do Papilomavírus Humano e os comentários das vacinas já aprovadas para utilização.(AU)


The human papillomavirus is demonstrably associated with the development of benign and malignant lesions including cervical cancer. Although it is a good condition to methods of screening and early diagnosis annually thousands of women worldwide are affected by the infection and subsequent appearance of lesions associated with this virus, especially in poorer countries. After understanding these viruses and their microparticles studies were performed to attempt the production of an immunizing agent that could serve as the primary prevention to reduce such high levels of this illness and deaths caused by it worldwide. In Brazil, the vaccine was introduced in the National Immunization Program in 2014. But there is no tracking data to evaluate the impact of prevention in the future. This study aims to review the main aspects of the human papillomavirus, the main injuries and vaccines already approved for use.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Immunization Programs , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Primary Prevention/methods , Brazil , Vaccines, Combined/therapeutic use , Papillomavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18/therapeutic use
4.
Int. j. odontostomatol. (Print) ; 9(2): 233-238, ago. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-764036

ABSTRACT

El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) forma parte de un grupo de virus ADN heterogéneo llamados papillomaviridae; este virus es causante de múltiples lesiones hiperplásicas, verrucosas y papilomatosas de las células epiteliales de piel y mucosas, existen más de 120 tipos de VPH, de solo 100 se conoce su secuencia genómica completa. Los dos géneros más importantes son los papilomavirus alpha (ð) y los beta (ß), la mayoría de los virus que infectan el área genital pertenecen al género alpha; según sus características clínicas, se pueden subdividir en cutáneos y de mucosa. Si bien las infecciones por este virus son frecuentes en cavidad oral, este campo de la medicina se encuentra en estudio, debido a que la información sobre el tema no es concluyente, es prioritario para el estomatólogo conocer las generalidades acerca del VPH y tratar las lesiones de una manera informada, este virus se asocia a un 35% de los casos de cáncer de cavidad oral, de los cuales el 70% de ellos son de alto riesgo. En México, se tiene estimado que cerca del 43% de los hombres y del 17,5% de las mujeres, todos ellos sanos y sexualmente activos tienen alguna infección por VPH.


The human papillomavirus (HPV) is part of heterogeneous group of DNA viruses called papillomaviridae; this virus causes multiple hyperplastic, papillomatous and warty lesions of epithelial cells of skin and mucosa, there are more than 120 types of HPV, although, the complete genome sequence of only 100 of these is known. The most important types are the alpha papillomavirus (a) and beta (b), most viruses that infect the genital area belong to the alpha type; according to their clinical characteristics, they can be divided in cutaneous and mucosal. HPV infections are common in oral cavity, this field of medicine is currently being studied, considering that the information about this subject is not conclusive, it is a priority for the stomatologist to know the generalities about HPV and treat injuries in an informed manner; this virus is associated to a 35% of cases of oral cancer, of which 70% are considered high risk. In Mexico, it is estimated that about a 43% of men and a 17.5% of women, all of them healthy and sexually active have at least one HPV infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Mouth/virology
5.
Invest. clín ; 55(1): 82-92, mar. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-746287

ABSTRACT

Durante los últimos años, se han sucedido grandes avances en nuestro entendimiento acerca de la biología e historia natural del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH). La mayoría de las infecciones por papiloma virus son transmitidas por un contacto cercano bien sea de piel a piel o mucosa a mucosa. La relación sexual con penetración no es un requerimiento para la transmisión del VPH. Las infecciones orales y digitales por VPH ocurren, y existe evidencia de que el contacto digital-genital y genital-oral puede resultar en la transmisión del VPH, aunque en un porcentaje relativamente bajo. La transmisión vertical de la madre al feto es una vía frecuente de infección, de hecho, se reconoce que más del 80% de los neonatos nacido de madres infectadas con VPH genital serán positivos a la determinación del ADN del VPH en la región naso-faríngea y mucosa oral. Mujeres con infecciones transitorias frecuentemente desarrollan anormalidades citológicas mientras ocurra una replicación activa del VPH. Esto ocurre debido a que las infecciones productivas de VPH resultan en anormalidades citológicas en las células epiteliales infectadas. La fuerte asociación entre el riesgo de infección por VPH y el incremento en la supresión inmune apoya un efecto biológico directo de la infección por VIH en la historia natural del VPH.


In recent years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the biology and natural history of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Most papillomavirus infections are transmitted by close contact of either skin to skin or mucosa to mucosa. Sexual intercourse is not a requirement for genital HPV infection. Digital-oral infections occur and there is evidence that digital-genital and oral-genital contacts can result in the transmission of HPV, although in a relatively low percentage. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus is a common route of infection; in fact, it is recognized that more than 80% of infants born from mothers infected with genital HPV will be positive for HPV DNA determination in the nasal-pharyngeal region and oral mucosa. Women with transient infections often develop cytological abnormalities that take place while there is active HPV replication. This occurs because productive HPV infections result in cytological abnormalities in infected epithelial cells. The strong association between the risk of HPV infection and increased immune suppression, supports a direct biological effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection on the natural history of HPV.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Alphapapillomavirus/physiology , Betapapillomavirus/physiology , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Betapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Comorbidity , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/prevention & control , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology , Disease Transmission, Infectious , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Immunocompromised Host , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Papillomavirus Vaccines , Prevalence , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Papillomavirus Infections/transmission , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology , Sexual Behavior , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
7.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(6): 486-492, Nov.-Dec. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-572708

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE. To assess the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2, 3 or higher (CIN 2/3+) for women with normal cytology and concurrent high-risk human papillomavirus infection (HR-HPV). MATERIAL AND METHODS. We examined 2 200 women every 6 months for an average of 9 years. Cervical smears and samples for HPV DNA were obtained at each visit. Absolute risk of subsequent CIN2/CIN3+ was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS. The absolute risk of CIN2/CIN3+ among HR-HPV-positive women with normal Pap smear results was 1.06 percent (95 percentCI, 0.57-2.20), 5 times higher the risk among all women with normal Pap smears (0.20 percent; 95 percentCI, 0.12-0.32) but 7 times lower than that for women with HR-HPV infection and LSIL (7.24 percent; 95 percentCI, 3.78-15.2). CONCLUSION. Short-term absolute risk of CIN2/3+ after a normal Pap smear with concurrent HR-HPV infection is low (~1 percent), suggesting that the HR-HPV test has limited utility in short-term clinical decision-making for women with normal cytology.


OBJETIVO. Evaluar el riesgo a corto plazo de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical de alto grado (CIN2/CIN3+) en mujeres con citologí-a cervicouterina normal e infección por virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo (HR-HPV). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Cohorte prospectiva de 2200 mujeres evaluadas cada seis meses durante 9 años en promedio. En cada visita se tomó muestra cervical para extendido y detección de HPV DNA. El riesgo absoluto de CIN2/CIN3+ a la siguiente visita fue calculado utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS. En mujeres con citologí-a normal e infección concomitante por HR-HPV el riesgo absoluto de presentar CIN2/CIN3+ fue de 1.06 por ciento (95 por cientoCI, 0.57-2.20). Este riesgo fue cinco veces mayor al observado en todas las mujeres con citologí-a normal (0.20 por ciento; 95 por cientoCI, 0.12-0.32) pero siete veces menor que el observado en mujeres con lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de bajo grado con infección concomitante (7.24 por ciento; 95 por cientoCI, 3.78-15.2). CONCLUSIÓN. El riesgo absoluto de CIN2/3+ a corto plazo luego de una citologí-a normal e infección por HR-HPV es baja (~1 por ciento), sugiriendo que, a corto plazo, la prueba de HR-HPV tiene utilidad clí-nica muy limitada en mujeres con citologí-a normal.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Uterine Cervicitis/pathology , Vaginal Smears , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology , Cohort Studies , Colombia/epidemiology , Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal/adverse effects , DNA, Viral/analysis , Disease Progression , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Odds Ratio , Precancerous Conditions/virology , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Risk , Smoking/epidemiology , Uterine Cervicitis/virology
8.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(6): 544-559, Nov.-Dec. 2010. graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-572715

ABSTRACT

El cáncer de cuello uterino sigue siendo un problema de salud pública en Latinoamérica. El uso de la citología para la detección de lesiones pre-cancerosas no ha tenido mayor impacto en las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad, que aún se mantienen altas en la región. La disponibilidad de nuevas técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de lesiones pre-cancerosas y de vacunas altamente eficaces que previenen casi todas las lesiones relacionadas con VPH-16 y VPH-18 en mujeres no expuestas previamente al virus representan una gran oportunidad para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino en la región. En este manuscrito resumimos la evidencia científica y la experiencia de la región en i) el uso de pruebas de VPH y de la inspección visual después del ácido acético (IVAA) en tamizaje primario, y ii) la implementación de programas de vacunación en adolescentes. Finalmente enumeramos una serie de recomendaciones adecuadas para distintos escenarios. La factibilidad de implementar un programa nacional de prevención de cáncer de cuello uterino exitoso y sostenible en países latinoamericanos dependerá de las prioridades de salud, la infraestructura y personal de salud disponible, determinadas luego de un riguroso análisis situacional local.


Cervical cancer continues to be a significant health problem in Latin America. The use of conventional cytology to detect precancerous cervical lesions has had almost no major impact on reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, which are still high in the region. The availability of new screening tools to detect precancerous lesions provide great opportunities for cervical cancer prevention in the region, as do highly efficacious HPV vaccines able to prevent nearly all lesions associated with HPV-16 and -18 when applied before viral exposure. This paper summarizes the scientific evidence and regional experiences related to: i) the use of HPV testing and visual inspection after the application of acetic acid (VIA) in primary screening and ii) the implementation of adolescent HPV vaccination programs. Finally, we outline a number of recommendations for different resource settings. The feasibility of implementing successful and sustainable national cervical cancer prevention programs in Latin American countries in the region will depend on health priorities and the availability of infrastructure and health personnel-as determined by rigorous local situational analysis.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Age Factors , Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Developing Countries , Feasibility Studies , Government Programs/organization & administration , Latin America/epidemiology , Mass Screening/organization & administration , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/transmission , Papillomavirus Vaccines , Physical Examination , Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis , Precancerous Conditions/epidemiology , Precancerous Conditions/virology , Program Evaluation , Socioeconomic Factors , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervicitis/diagnosis , Uterine Cervicitis/epidemiology , Uterine Cervicitis/virology , Vaccination , Vaginal Smears
11.
Saudi Medical Journal. 2009; 30 (9): 1208-1212
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-102313

ABSTRACT

To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices related to cervical cancer screening, and its underlying etiology and preventive measures among women living in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Six hundred self-administered questionnaires were distributed to randomly selected women from different groups in the general population of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These questionnaires were sent out to school teachers, relative, friends, as well as, through direct interview of patients visiting the outpatient clinic while awaiting for their appointments at the King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital from January to March 2008. There were 500 respondents [83.3%]. The knowledge of the human papilloma virus [HPV] as an etiological agent for cervical cancer was expressed by 72 [14.4%], and the HPV vaccine by 49 [9.8%] of the respondents. Whereas, 338 [67.6%] of the respondents were aware of the Pap smear, however, only 84 [16.8%] had undergone the test. The main reason for not having a Pap smear was the lack of awareness. The awareness on cervical cancer among women in Saudi Arabia is far behind that in the developed countries. There is a need to educate and promote awareness of cervical cancer in this population


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Vaginal Smears/statistics & numerical data , Awareness , Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity
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